An diesem Tag

Politics and Propaganda

Politics and Propaganda

From Hitler’s rise to power in 1933 until the liberation in 1945, music played an integral role in daily life under Nazism. The Nazi Party used music in its publicity, policy, and propaganda, and attempted to 'cleanse' the German musical world of 'degeneracy'.

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Resistance & Exile

Resistance & Exile

While for the vast majority of Nazi inmates armed resistance was almost impossible, isolated groups were able to engage in organised resistance—and music often supported their cause.

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Responses

Responses

The Nazi ghettos and camps housed millions of people from across Europe, and their responses to internment were as diverse as the religions, ages, and nationalities they represented.

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Memory

Memory

Music has played an integral role in Holocaust commemoration since the immediate post-war period. In the late 1940s, Jewish Holocaust survivors established a lively and diverse musical life in Displaced Persons’ camps in Allied-occupied Europe, particularly in the American zone of occupied Germany.

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Ausgewählte Artikel

Erinnerung

Ein Überlebender aus Warschau ♫

In Arnold Schönbergs Zwölftonwerk "Überlebender aus Warschau" präsentiert Schönberg dem Publikum eine Darstellung des Aufstands im Warschauer Ghetto.

Erinnerung

Verschiedene Züge ♫

In Different Trains (Verschiedene Züge) präsentiert Steve Reich einen Bericht über den Holocaust, in dem er seine Erinnerungen an seine Kindheit in den 1940er Jahren mit den Aussagen von Kindern, die den Holocaust überlebt haben, vermischt.

Widerstand & Exil

Hymnen für Frankreich

Politische Regime verwenden Hymnen als Symbole für ihre Werte und Bestrebungen. Als Frankreich durch den Krieg geteilt war, wurden drei Hymnen zwischen Nord und Süd angenommen.

Widerstand & Exil

Komponisten im Exil

Der Aufstieg des Nationalsozialismus stellte viele jüdische Komponisten vor die Qual der Wahl: bleiben und sich einer unbekannten Zukunft in einem zunehmend feindlichen Regime unterwerfen oder ins Exil gehen.

Politik und Propaganda

Radio für klassische Musik im Großbritannien der Kriegszeit

Im Guten wie im Schlechten war das BBC-Radio während des Zweiten Weltkriegs die dominierende Stimme Großbritanniens, für die klassische Musik eine wichtige und aufschlussreiche Rolle spielte.

Politik und Propaganda

Karl Amadeus Hartmann

Karl Amadeus Hartmann war ein sozialistischer deutscher Komponist, der in beiden Weltkriegen aktiv war. Er studierte bei einer Reihe von führenden Musikern, darunter Joseph Haas

Antwort

Brundibár

Brundibár is a children's opera written in 1938 and composed by Hans Krása with lyrics by Adolf Hoffmeister. Its premiere in Terezín was on 23 September 1943.

Antwort

Bunalied

Bunalied was written in mortal danger in the Buna-Monowitz subcamp of Auschwitz with lyrics by Fritz Löhner-Beda and music by Anton Geppert.

Hennech Kon

Sänger
Darsteller

Der Komponist Henech Kon (1890-1970) zog vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg nach New York, wo er zu den eingewanderten Schriftstellern und Künstlern gehörte, die vor den Nazis geflohen waren. Er komponierte weiterhin Stücke zum Gedenken an die Vernichtung des polnischen Judentums.

Yonas Turkov

Songwriter
Darsteller
Direktor

Jonas Turkow (1898-1987) was an actor, stage manager, director and writer. He received the Itzik Manger Prize for his contributions to Yiddish letters.

Diana Blumenfeld

Musiker
Sänger
Darsteller

Diana Blumenfeld (1903–1961) was a folksinger, pianist, and actress. Caught in the ghetto along with her husband, family and friends, she continued to sing, performing in cafes and in the ghetto theatre.

Yankl Krimski

Musiker
Darsteller

Yankl Krimski was a theatre artist and musician in the Vilna ghetto. One of his most popular songs was 'Dos Elnte Kind' (The Lonely Child). Krimski’s fate is uncertain, but he is believed to have perished in an Estonian labour camp in 1943.

Mordechai Gebirtig

Dichter
Darsteller
Komponist

Poet, actor and songwriter Mordechai Gebirtig (1877-1942) was politically active and called 'the perfect Jewish folk poet'. His songs provide a window into daily Jewish life in inter-war Poland.

Isa Vermehren

Sänger
Darsteller

Isa Vermehren (1918-2009) volunteered to support the German troops as an entertainer between 1940 and 1943. Due to her brother's defection she was taken to Ravensbrück, where she was locked in an isolation cell.

Paul Morgan

Sänger
Darsteller

Actor Paul Morgan (1886-1938) studied theatre and writing, and began performing in small theatres and cabarets before World War I. He died in Buchenwald concentration camp.

Hermann Leopoldi

Darsteller

One of the few surviving Jewish members of the cabaret scene of 1920s Vienna, Herman Leopoldi (1888-1959) was interned in two of Nazi Germany’s most notorious camps but obtained a last-minute release.

Benzion Moskovits

Kantor

In 1942 Cantor Benzion Moskovitsh (1907-1968) was deported to Westerbork and in 1944 to Buchenwald. There he sang for fellow prisoners and took notes of melodies he heard on a smuggled block-note.

Yehoshua Wieder

Kantor

Cantor Yehoshua Wieder and his family were deported to Auschwitz, where his wife Chana and three youngest children were killed. Wieder and his three other children survived.

Charles Lowy

Kantor

Cantor Charles Lowy (1911-1998) escaped Munich after Kristallnacht to Hungary and became chief cantor in Szolnok. From 1942 he was subjected to forced labour and liberated by the Red Army in 1945. His wife and son were killed in Auschwitz.

Gershon Sirota

Kantor

Gershon Sirota (1874-1943) was one of the leading cantors of Europe during the "Golden Age of Hazzanut", sometimes referred to as the "Jewish Caruso". He and his family died together in the Warsaw uprising in 1943.

Joseph Schmidt

Auswandern
Sänger
Darsteller
Kantor

When the war broke out Joseph Schmidt (1904-1942) fled to France then retreated to Switzerland. Although in possession of an American visa and well known, he was interned and, owing to a lack of medical attention, he died on 16 November 1942.

Viktor Ullmann

Musiklehrer
Komponist
Dirigent

Composer Viktor Ullmann (1898-1944) grew up and was educated in Vienna. He was trapped in Prague on the German invasion in March 1939 after trying unsuccessfully to find work in London or South Africa. In 1942 he was deported to Terezin.

Carlo Taube

Musiker
Komponist
Dirigent

In December 1941, pianist, composer and conductor Carlo Sigmund Taube (1897-1944) was deported to Theresienstadt with his wife and child.

James Simon

Komponist

In spring 1944, composer, pianist and musicologist James Simon (1880-1944) was sent to Westerbork. On April 4 he was deported with 1000 other inmates to Terezín. On 12 October 1944 he boarded the transport to Auschwitz.

Zikmund Schul

Komponist

The composer and violinist Zikmund Schul (1916-1944) and his father left Germany in October 1933, taking residence in Prague. He was transported to Terezín on 11 November 1941 where he continued to compose pieces, few of which survive.

Rafael Schächter

Musiker
Komponist
Dirigent

Rafael Schächter (1905-1944) made his name as an accompanist and vocal coach, working in opera and theatre before deportation to Terezin in Nov 1941. A pioneer of cultural life in the ghetto, he was deported to Auschwitz on 16 Oct 1944.

Egon Ledeč

Musiker
Komponist

Egon Ledeč (1889-1944) was a Czech violinist and composer sent to Theresienstadt. He appears as the concertmaster in Karel Ančerl’s orchestra in the Nazi propaganda film of the camp.

Hans Krása

Komponist

After spending several years in Terezin being active in its musical life, Hans Krasa (1899-1944) left for Auschwitz on 16 October 1944 with his fellow composers Viktor Ullmann, Pavel Haas and Gideon Klein.

Gideon Klein

Komponist

At age 6, Gideon Klein's (1919-1945) precocious musicality was evident and he began to study piano with the head of the Přerov conservatory. He was an organiser of cultural life at Theresienstadt.

Dovid Ayznshtat

Komponist
Dirigent

Dovid Ayznshtat (1890–1942) continued to compose, conduct, perform, and train aspiring musicians, in the Warsaw Ghetto, despite the limitations and dangers of ghetto life.

Misha Veksler

Komponist
Dirigent

The conductor and composer Misha Veksler (1907-1943) became an important figure in the musical world of the Vilna ghetto, serving as the conductor of the theatre orchestra and composing music for many of the revues that were performed there.

Wolf Durmaschkin

Musiker
Komponist
Dirigent

Wolf Durmashkin (1914-1944) war ein jüdischer Komponist, Dirigent und Pianist in Vilnius. Er wurde während der Liquidierung des Wilnaer Ghettos nach Klooga deportiert und kam einen Tag vor der Befreiung ums Leben.

Teodor Ryder

Musiker
Dirigent

Conductor and pianist Teodor Ryder (1881-1944) was deportated to the Łódź ghetto in 1940. He continued to perform and organise even after the death of his wife and gave his final concert in the summer of 1943.

Alma Rosé

Musiker
Dirigent

The violinist Alma Rosé (1906-1944) luck came to an end when she was arrested in France and sent to Drancy for several months. In July 1943, she was transported to Auschwitz.

Zofia Czajkowska

Musiklehrer
Musiker
Dirigent

The Polish music teacher Zofia Czajkowska arrived in Auschwitz on 27 April 1942 on a transport from her home town of Tarnow. She was to become the original organiser and first conductor of the Birkenau women’s orchestra.

Adam Kopyciński

Dirigent

Polish musician Adam Kopyciński (1907-1982) was conductor of the men's orchestra in Auschwitz. He struggled with the morality of a death camp orchestra knowing that rejecting a musician could well mean his death.

Otto Klemperer

Komponist
Dirigent

Otto Klemperer (1885-1973) war ein jüdischer, deutschstämmiger Dirigent und Komponist, der als "der letzte der wenigen wirklich großen Dirigenten seiner Generation" bezeichnet wurde. Im April 1933 floh er nach Österreich und ließ Frau und Kinder zurück, um ihnen zu folgen, sobald er einen festen Wohnsitz gefunden hatte.

Martin Rosenberg

Direktor

In 1933, Rosebury D’Arguto’s activities with his Gesangsgemeinschaft was banned. On a return trip to Germany to settle some personal matters in September 1939, he was arrested by the Gestapo, and taken to Sachsenhausen where he organized a Jewish choir.

Kurt Gerron

Darsteller
Direktor

A cabaret artist, theatre and film actor and director of theatre and early sound movies, Kurt Gerron (1897-1944) was a successful entertainer of the 1920s and early 1930s. He directed the Terezin propaganda film and was killed soon after.

Wolfgang Langhoff

Darsteller
Direktor

Actor, director and leftist activist Wolfgang Langhoff (1901-1966) engaged in cultural activities in Börgemoor, organising the ‘Zirkus Konzentrazani’, as well as co-creating the song ‘Moorsoldatenlied’.

Walter Starkie und das Britische Institut in Madrid

Direktor

Der Musiker Walter Starkie, der "El British" gründete und sich mit General Franco traf, um den kulturellen Austausch zwischen Großbritannien und Spanien zu formalisieren. Starkies Bemühungen trugen dazu bei, dass Spanien während des Zweiten Weltkriegs neutral blieb.

Portrait of Dame Myra Hess

Myra Hess

Musiker
Direktor

Dame Julia Myra Hess, DBE (1890-1965) war eine englische Pianistin, die vor allem für ihre Interpretationen der Werke von Bach, Mozart, Beethoven und Schumann bekannt war. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs veranstaltete sie Konzerte in der National Gallery, um die Stimmung zu heben.

Bruno Walter

Auswandern

Bruno Walter Schlesinger (1879-1962) war ab 1898 Musiktheaterdirektor und einige Jahre später Direktor der Bayerischen Staatsoper. Von den Nazis auf die schwarze Liste gesetzt, ging er 1938 in die USA, wo er die New Yorker Philharmoniker dirigierte.

Kurt Weill

Auswandern
Komponist

Kurt Weill (1900-1950) und Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) stehen wie wenige andere für die kulturelle Innovation der Weimarer Republik. Vor allem mit ihrer Dreigroschenoper verkörperte das Duo alles, was die Nationalsozialisten zu ihrem Feind erklärten.

Arnold Schönberg

Auswandern
Komponist

Der Komponist Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951) gilt zusammen mit Berg und Webern als die Zweite Wiener Schule. Seine revolutionäre musikalische Technik der Dodekaphonie (Zwölftonmusik) war sein Markenzeichen.

Ernst Krenek

Komponist
Auswandern

Der österreichische Komponist der berühmten Jazz-Oper Jonny spielt auf, Enrst Krenek (1900-1991), emigrierte 1938 in die USA, nachdem seine Musik von den Nazis verboten worden war. Er unterrichtete an mehreren Universitäten und komponierte bis zu seinem Tod 1991 weiter.

Berthold Goldschmidt

Auswandern
Komponist

Der Emigrantenkomponist Berthold Goldschmidt (1903-1996) ist im Alter von 93 Jahren in London gestorben. Er lebte in derselben Erdgeschosswohnung, seit er Deutschland im Oktober 1935 auf der Flucht vor den Nazis verlassen hatte.

Hanns Eisler

Auswandern
Komponist

Der marxistische Komponist Hanns Eisler (1898-1962) war im Januar 1933 in Wien, als Hitler deutscher Bundeskanzler wurde. Eisler blieb seinen kommunistischen Idealen treu und floh in den 1930er Jahren aus Nazi-Deutschland und in den 1940er Jahren aus Amerika.

British Internment and Music

Auswandern
Komponist

Hans Gál (1890-1987) enjoyed professional success prior to 1933. When the Nazis came to power, he served as director of the Mainz Conservatory but was dismissed and his work was banned from both performance and publication.

Paul Arma

Komponist
Auswandern

Paul Arma (1905-1987) ist eine zentrale Figur in der Geschichte der französischen Résistance-Musik, sowohl wegen der von ihm komponierten Lieder als auch wegen seiner Bemühungen um die Bewahrung des enormen Bestandes an Musik, der während des Krieges entstand. Arma sah in den Liedern der Résistance nicht nur Quellen der Hoffnung und Akte des Kriegsmuts, sondern auch wichtige Artefakte, die es zu retten galt.

Alfred Rosenberg

Nazi-

Alfred Rosenberg (1893-1946) schrieb Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts" (1934), in dem er für die Vorherrschaft der "arischen" Rasse und die Bedrohung durch die Juden plädierte. Er wurde wegen Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit für schuldig befunden und hingerichtet.

Hans Pfitzner

Nazi-
Komponist

Der Komponist Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949) sah sich als Verteidiger der deutschen Nation, ihrer Werte und ihrer Kultur gegen ein "entartetes" und "verdorbenes" Frankreich. In seinem Entnazifizierungsprozess wurde er, ebenso wie Furtwängler, Egk und Strauss, für nicht schuldig befunden.

Hans Joachim Moser

Musicologist
Nazi-

Hans Joachim Moser (1889-1967) gab Amerika und den Juden die Schuld an der Kommerzialisierung der Musik. Sein Engagement für die Feierlichkeiten in Deutschland brachte ihm die Anerkennung der Nazis ein und er wurde zum Generalsekretär des Propagandaministeriums befördert.

Gustav Havemann

Musiker
Nazi-
Dirigent

Der Geiger und Dirigent Gustav Havemann (1882-1960) entwickelte sich von einem modernistischen Musiker und Freund radikaler jüdischer Komponisten zu einem engagierten NS-Musikideologen und schließlich nach dem Krieg zu einem glühenden Antifaschisten.

Herbert Gerigk

Nazi-
Musicologist

Herbert Gerigks (1905-1996) Lexikon der Juden in der Musik war so populär, dass bis 1943 Tausende von Exemplaren im gesamten Deutschen Reich kursierten. Selbst im Rahmen der NS-Ideologie war Gerigk als besonders konservativ und kritisch bekannt.

Karl Blessinger

Nazi-
Komponist

Der Autor des 1939 erschienenen Buches Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Mahler: Drei Kapitel des Judentums in der Musik als Schlüssel zur Musikgeschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts begründete Karl Blessingers (1888-1962) Ruf als einer der prominentesten antisemitischen Musikwissenschaftler des Dritten Reiches.

Joseph Goebbels

Nazi-

Joseph Goebbels wollte alle Werke fördern, die von der deutschen Hegemonie in der Musik zeugten. Aus diesem Grund schützte er paradoxerweise zunächst Komponisten oder Dirigenten, die sich gegen die Anwendung der antisemitischen Gesetze wehrten, und verschleierte sogar die jüdische Herkunft einiger talentierter Komponisten oder schützte deren Ehefrauen.

Wladyslaw Szlengel

Dichter

Władysław Szlengel (1912-1943) was a Jewish-Polish poet, lyricist, journalist, and stage actor. He was shot along with his wife at the age of 28.

Avraham Sutzkever

Partisan
Dichter

Avraham Sutzkever (1913-2010) is one of the most important contemporary Yiddish poets. During the war, Sutzkever was involved in many acts of resistance and helped save many important texts. He escaped to Moscow with his wife.

Leah Rudnitski

Partisan
Dichter

Leah Rudnitski (1916-1943) wrote one of the most beautiful lullabies to have survived the Vilna ghetto, entitled ‘Dremlen feygl oyf di tsvaygn’ (Birds doze on the boughs). She was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Treblinka, where she was murdered.

Shmerke Kaczerginski

Musiker
Partisan
Dichter

Poet and partisan fighter Shmerke Kaczerginski (1908-1954) was a collector of Yiddish Shoah song. He was sent to the Vilna ghetto in early 1942 where he crafted songs to console prisoners and encourage resistance.

Hirsh Glick

Partisan
Dichter

Hirsch Glick (1922-1944) was a Jewish poet and partisan. He began to write Yiddish poetry in his teens and became co-founder of Yungvald, a group of young Jewish poets.

Isaiah Shpigl

Dichter

Writer, poet and teacher of Yiddish literature, Isaiah Spiegel (1906-1990), was an inmate of the Lodz Ghetto from its inception in 1940 until its liquidation in 1945. In August 1944, Shpigl hid some of his writings in a cellar and took the rest with him to Auschwitz.

Moshe Diskant

Dichter

An important poet and song writer in the Kovno ghetto, Moshe Diskant was critical of the divisions between wealthy and poor in the ghetto.

Avrom Akselrod

Dichter
Komponist

Avrom Akselrod was a well-known poet and songwriter in the Kovno ghetto, known for his cynical, humorous and realistic depictions of the misery and occasional joys of ghetto life.

Karel Berman

Sänger

Bass singer Karel Berman (1919-1995) was deported to Terezin on 6 Mar 1943. He sang in operas and recitals and was cast as 'Death' in Ullmann’s Der Kaiser von Atlantis. Transported to Auschwitz on 28 Sep 1944 and liberated from the Allach camp.

Marysia Ayznshtat

Sänger

Marysia Ayznshtat (1921-1942) war eine der bekanntesten Musikerinnen des Warschauer Ghettos. Sie wurde im Alter von einundzwanzig Jahren von einem SS-Offizier erschossen.

Khayele Rozental

Sänger

Khayele Rozental (1924-1979) was one of the most popular singers in the Vilna ghetto. She established her talents in drama and singing aged 16, when she was chosen to represent Vilna at the Festival of Songs in Moscow.

Lyube Levitski

Sänger

Soprano Lyube Levitski's beautiful voice made her a star at the age of 21. In the Vilna ghetto she was lashed, kept in solitary confinement for a month, and eventually killed at Ponar.

Kasriel Broydo

Songwriter
Sänger

Kasriel Broydo (1907-1945) was a songwriter, singer and coupletist. He was born in Vilnius and played in various troupes and marionette-theaters.

Yankele Hershkovitsh

Sänger

In 1940, Yankele Hershkovitsh (1910-1972) was deported to the Łódź ghetto. He became the much-loved voice of the ghetto, singing in the courtyards and streets, and documenting and commenting on events.

Fania Fénelon

Musiker
Sänger
Komponist

Fania Fénelon (1922-1983) was a French pianist, composer and cabaret singer whose contested 1976 memoir, Sursis pour l'orchestre, about survival in the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz during the Holocaust was adapted as the 1980 television film, Playing for Time.

Aleksander Kulisiewicz

Musiker
Dichter
Sänger

Alexander Kulisiewicz (1918-1982) was a poet, player, and songwriter of ballads in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp that often evoked his native Poland with nostalgia and patriotic zeal.

Partisanen

Partisan

Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs widersetzten sich viele europäische Juden ihren nationalsozialistischen Unterdrückern, indem sie aktiv Widerstand leisteten. Dieser Partisanenkrieg, der von geheimen, irregulären Kräften im feindlichen Gebiet geführt wurde, war besonders in den dichten Wäldern und Sümpfen Osteuropas weit verbreitet.

Jozef Kropinski

Musiker
Partisan
Komponist

The Polish musician Jozef Kropinski was born on 28 December 1913 in Berlin. On 7 May 1940, Kropinski was arrested by the Gestapo for publishing an underground newspaper, and sent to Auschwitz.

Jan Vala

Musiker
Partisan

Jan Vala was a self-taught guitarist, singer and composer. He had been the owner of a popular bar in Ostravia, where he had entertained his patrons with comedy sketches and musical performances. He spent 2,060 days in German prisons and camps.

Die Troubadoure der französischen Résistance

Partisan

Die Lieder des französischen Widerstands wurden von Paul Arma und seiner Frau Edmée gesammelt, um die zahlreichen Lieder, die während des Zweiten Weltkriegs als Widerstandshandlungen geschrieben wurden, der Vergessenheit zu entreißen und die Anstrengungen und Gefahren, denen ihre Schöpfer ausgesetzt waren, zu würdigen.

Eta Tyrmand

Musiklehrer
Partisan
Komponist

Die weißrussisch-jüdische Komponistin Eta (Edi) Tyrmand ist eine von fast 30.000 weißrussischen Juden, die sich dem sowjetischen Partisanenwiderstand anschlossen.

Die Zeugen Jehovas

Zeuge Jehovas

Erich Hugo Frost

Musiker
Zeuge Jehovas

Composer and musician Erich Hugo Frost (1900-1987) was imprisoned several times in prisons and concentration camps between 1934 and 1945. He composed ‘Fest steht in großer, schwerer Zeit (Stand Fast in Great and Hard Times) in the spring of 1941.

Leo Strauss

Songwriter
Musiker

Leo Straus (1897-1944) was arrested along with his wife Myra and sent to Theresienstadt where he was involved in cabaret productions, both as a librettist and performer. In October 1944, they were deported to Auschwitz and killed.

Artur Gold

Musiker

Artur Gold (1897-1943) war ein polnischer Violinist und Komponist. Er arbeitete mit seinem Bruder Henryk Gold und mit Jerzy Petersburski zusammen, mit dem er Musik arrangierte. Er und seine Musikerkollegen wurden in den letzten Wochen von Treblinka ermordet.

Wladyslaw Szpilman

Musiker

The musical career of Wladyslaw Szpilman (1911-2000) was interrupted by the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Szpilman and his family were driven, along with hundreds of thousands of other Jews, into the Warsaw ghetto.

Avrom Brudno

Musiker
Komponist

Avrom Brudno was a musician and composer in the Vilna ghetto. He created many of the ghetto’s most successful songs including the melody for ‘Friling’. He died in Klooga.

Dovid Beyglman

Musiker

David Beigelman (1887–1945) was a Polish violinist, orchestra leader, and composer of Yiddish songs. In the Łódź ghetto established a small theatre where he composed prolifically and wrote his own lyrics.

Michael Hofmekler

Musiker

One of the remarkable reunions to take place in the immediate aftermath of the war was that of the Jewish brothers Michael (1898-1994) and Robert Hofmekler (1905-1994), in June 1945, at the Saint Ottilien Displaced Persons’ camp.

Henry Meyer

Musiker

A doctor put Henry Meyer’s ID on a corpse and hid the violinist. Meyer (1923-2006) was transferred to Birkenau, where he played in the orchestra. After brief time in other camps and surviving a death march, he survived and emigrated to the US.

Arno Nadel

Musicologist
Dichter
Komponist

Jewish musicologist, composer, playwright, poet, and painter Arno Nadel (1878-1943) had an exit visa to England but he was too weak to make the journey. On 12th March 1943 he was deported to Auschwitz where he was murdered the same year.

Hans Keller

Auswandern
Musicologist

Der in Österreich geborene britische Musikwissenschaftler und Musikkritiker Hans Keller (1919-1985), der bedeutende Beiträge zur Musikwissenschaft und Musikkritik leistete, wurde von den Nazis verhaftet und musste Österreich nach dem "Anschluss" 1938 verlassen.

Komitas Vardapet in 1902 (colourised)

Komitee Vardapet

Musicologist
Komponist

Der Komponist und Musikethnologe Komitas Vardapet (1869-1935) wurde durch sein hohes kulturelles Ansehen nicht geschützt und wurde zusammen mit 800 Intellektuellen von den Jungtürken ins Exil geschickt. Er war einer der wenigen, die den Völkermord an den Armeniern überlebten.

Henryk Apte

Musicologist
Musiker

Henryk Apte was a prominent figure in the cultural and musical life of the Jewish community in Krakow during the early 20th century.

Paulina Braun

Songwriter
Komponist

Paulina Braun (1915-1943) was a songwriter and composer in the Warsaw ghetto. Before being forced into ghetto’s cramped quarters, she had established a name for herself as a composer in the Polish theatre world of Warsaw.

Alek Volkoviski

Songwriter
Komponist

Pianist and song writer Alek Volkoviski (1931-2019) won a competition in 1943 at age eleven in the Vilna ghetto for his lullaby ‘Shtiler, shtiler’.

Yankl Trupyanski

Songwriter
Musiklehrer

Yankl Trupyanski was (1909-1944) a music teacher and composer of children's songs in Warsaw and Vilna. He composed many of the songs sung by children in the Yiddish schools of the inter-war years.

Leyb Rozental

Songwriter

Leyb Rozental (1916-1945) was a poet, publishing his first poetry book at the age of 14. In the Vilna ghetto he became one of the most successful writers of musicals and theatre revues.

Rikle Glezer

Songwriter

Rikle Glezer (1924-) was only 16 when the Nazis invaded her home city of Vilna. She wrote several songs during her years of imprisonment in the Vilna ghetto. She escaped during deportation and joined the partisans in the forests around Vilna.

Khane Khaytin

Songwriter

Khane Khaytin (1925-2004) was a Lithuanian-Jewish songwriter who wrote many popular songs in the Shavli ghetto.

Salomon Kannewasser

Songwriter
Musiker
Sänger

Salomon Meijer Kannewasser (1916-1945) was the lead singer in a popular young musical duo from Amsterdam known as Johnny & Jones. Their popularity began in 1938 and they went on to record six albums under the Panachord music label.

Arnold Simeon van Wesel

Songwriter
Musiker
Sänger

Arnold Simeon van Wesel (1918-1945) played guitar in a popular young musical duo from Amsterdam known as Johnny & Jones. Their popularity began in 1938 and they went on to record six albums under the Panachord music label.

Hans Neumeyer

Musiklehrer
Komponist

From the age of fourteen, Hans Neumeyer (1887-1944), a composer and teacher of musical composition, was completely blind. He died whilst interned in Theresienstadt on 19 May 1944.

Peter Gellhorn

Auswandern
Musiklehrer
Musiker
Komponist
Dirigent

Der deutsche Dirigent, Komponist und Pianist Peter Gellhorn (1912-2004) floh in den 1930er Jahren aus Deutschland und ließ sich in London nieder. Er dirigierte am Royal Opera House, Sadler's Wells und Glyndebourne.

Walter Bricht

Auswandern
Musiklehrer
Musiker
Komponist

Walter Bricht (1904-1970) war ein österreichischer Komponist, dessen Jahre als professioneller Komponist mit dem Aufstieg Hitlers und dem Beginn des Austrofaschismus 1933 zusammenfielen.

Featured Music

Name
Künstler
Kategorie
Dauer

'Heveti shalom aleykhem' (I bring you greetings of peace), also often titled in the plural, is one of the best-known and -loved Hebrew folk songs. In this rare recording it is sung by surviving Polish children in postwar France, in a recording taken by the Latvian-American psychologist David Boder in September 1946.

Moes, moes is courtesy of Traditional Crossroads (www.traditionalcrossroads.com).
Recorded: Kampo, New York, USA
ISBN: CD 4297
Accession Number: CD213
Singing is Adrienne Cooper accompanied by Zalmen Mlotek playing Piano.

Lyrics

1940.
On my birthday
The Germans walked-walked into Holland
Germans invaded Hungary
I was in 2nd grade
I had a teacher
A very tall man, his head was completely plastered smooth
He said, "Black Crows-
Black Crows invaded our country many years ago"
And he pointed right at me
No more school
You must go away
And she said, "Quick, go!"
And he said, "Don't breathe"
Into the cattle wagons
And for four days and four nights
And then we went through…

The idea for the piece comes from my childhood. [Due to my parent’s divorce], I travelled back and forth by train frequently between New York and Los Angeles from 1939 to 1942. […] While these trips were exciting and romantic at the time, I now look back and think that, if I had been in Europe during this period, as a Jew I would have had to ride on very different trains. With this in mind, I wanted to make a piece that would accurately reflect the whole situation.

Du kleiner Kasten, den ich flüchtend trug,
Daß meine Lampen mir auch nicht zerbrächen,
Besorgt vom Haus zum Schiff, vom Schiff zum Zug,
Daß meine Feinde weiter zu mir sprächen,
An meinem Lager und zu meiner Pein,
Der letzten nachts, der ersten in der Früh,
Von ihren Siegen und von meiner Müh:
Versprich mir, nicht auf einmal stumm zu sein!

Translation by Daniel Kahn & Yeva Lapsker.

In the little village Smilchyntsi
In the camp the Jews are living miserably
Hear the women crying
Crying without end
Where is our homeland?
When will we return?

In the stall we live like pigs
Hungry as dogs are we
A child without a mother
A mother without child
Where is our homeland?
When will we return?

Jews, o Jews, o how we suffer
Nothing like it was ever known
The tears we’ve wept
Could be rivers
The blood we’ve spilled
Could be an ocean
The tears we’ve wept
Could be rivers
The blood we’ve spilled
Could be an ocean

In dem kleinem Dorf in Smiltchynti
wohnen Juden in dem Lager umgliklikh
Und die Frauen weinen,
weinen on ein grunt:
Voy ist unser haymayt,
wann zaynen wir zuhaus?

In der Stall wie Schweinen leben wir
und wie Hunde hungrig zaynen wir,
das Kind hat keine Mutter,
die Mutter hat kein Kind
Voy ist unser haymayt,
wann zaynen wir zuhaus?

Juden, Juden Leid ist uns
was von dem wusst kein Mann
Von di treren unzere
kanen Flüssen sein
fun dem Blut fun uns’ren
kann sein an okean.
Von di treren uns’re
keinen Fluessen sein
fun dem Blut fun uns’ren
kann sein an okean.

Translation by Daniel Kahn & Yeva Lapsker.

One, two, three, one, two, three
Couples spinning round—couples spinning round—
Do you know how?—Do you know how?
Trees in the woods are spinning round,
When you ride by—in a passing train.
One, two, three, one, two, three
When the fiddle plays—she spreads out the trails.
Do you know which ones? – Do you know which ones?—
A girl’s soft hands—under your feet—
spins you up in the air like rising smoke.
One, two, three, one, two, three.
When the mandolin—is ringing just like that—
Do you know what she does?—Do you know what she does? —
Your young days, those that are left behind—
She crumbles them one over the other—she crumbles them…
One, two, three, one, two, three.
When the little flute fifes—When the little flute fifes—
Do you know what you hear?—Do you know what you hear?—
The dead in the ground—they cry that way—
Why are they crying? —Why are they crying?
One, two, three, one, two, three.
When the drum sounds,—When the drum sounds,—
Do you know what it is?—Do you know what it is?—
That’s just the noise—the noise of the world—
That deafens in you—the fear of death.
One, two, three, one, two, three,
As the life is—such a spin.—
The cello is crying, “One—two—three.”
Everyone will leave this world.—
It pains me so, it pains me so!

Eyns, tsvey, dray, Eyns, tsvey, dray,
Porlekh dreyen zikh – porlekh dreyen zikh –
Veystu vi azoy, veystu vi azoy?
Beymer in vald dreyen zikh azoy –
Ven du forst farbay, in a ban farbay
Eyns, tsvey, dray, Eyns, tsvey, dray,
Az di fidl shpilt—shpreyt zi vegn oys—
Veystu vosere?—Veystu vosere?
Vaykhe meydl hent—unter dayne fis
Kroyzlen zikh aruf—vi a roy’kh aruf.
Eyns, tsvey, dray, Eyns, tsvey, dray,
Az di mandolin—tsimblt ot azoy—
Veystu vos zi tut?—Veystu vos zi tut?
Dayne yunge teg—di fargangenen
Breklt zi fanand, —breklt zi fanand.
Eyns, tsvey, dray, Eyns, tsvey, dray,
Az dos fleytl fayft,—az dos fleytl fayft,—
Veystu vos du herst?—Veystu vos du herst?
Toyte in der erd—veynen dos azoy,
Vos-zhe veynen zey?—Vos-zhe veynen zey?
Eyns, tsvey, dray, Eyns, tsvey, dray,
Az di poyk baroysht,—az di poyk baroysht,
Veystu vos dos iz?—Veystu vos dos iz?
Dos iz dokh der roysh—ot der velt-geroysh—
Vos fartoybt in dir—pakhed farn toyt.
Eyns, tsvey, dray, Eyns, tsvey, dray,
Az dos lebn iz—a gedrey aza.—
Veynt di vilontshel: eyns, tsvey, dray.
Veln fun der velt—ale zikh tsegeyn.
Tut mir azoy vey, tut mir azoy vey….

Translation by Daniel Kahn & Yeva Lapsker.

PART 1:
When we arrived in Auschwitz,
They took away the women and the children.
A great tumult happened there:
“In half an hour we will be in heaven.”

At night, on the plank-beds,
We put away our skinny bones.
We sleep with a hole in our hearts.
We will be set free shortly.

PART 2:
Heavens, oh heavens, where is my luck?
The moon and the snow are hidden by your look.
Where are our children? In what country are they?
In Auschwitz, in Treblinka, torn apart and disgraced.

PART 1:
Azoy vi mir zaynen nokh Oyshvits gekimen,
Froyen in kinder hot men tsigenimen
Iz dort gevorn a groyser timl
“In a halbe shu veln mir zayn in himl.”

In di nakht oyf di nares
Leygn mir avek di beyndelakh di dare.
Shlofn mit ofenung oyfn hertsn.
Oyf der fray veln mir zayn in kertsn.

PART 2:
O himlen, o himlen, a vu iz mayn glik?
Levone in shneyern bahaltn mit ayer blik.
Vu zenen undzere kinder? In velkhn land?
In Oyshvits, in Treblinke, tseshpolt in tsushand.

Courtesy of Traditional Crossroads (www.traditionalcrossroads.com).
Recorded: Kampo, New York, USA
ISBN: CD 4297
Accession Number: CD213
Singing is Adrienne Cooper accompanied by Zalmen Mlotek playing Piano.

Yid, du partizaner is courtesy of Traditional Crossroads (www.traditionalcrossroads.com).
Recorded: Kampo, New York, USA
ISBN: CD 4297
Singing is Adrienne Cooper accompanied by Zalmen Mlotek playing Piano.

Original Yiddish

Oyfn pripetshik brent a fayerl,
Un in shtub iz heys,
Un der rebe lernt kleyne kinderlekh,
Dem alef-beys.

Zet zhe kinderlekh, gedenkt zhe, tayere,
Vos ir lernt do;
Zogt zhe nokh a mol un take nokh a mol:
Komets-alef: o!

Lernt, kinder, mit groys kheyshek,
Azoy zog ikh aykh on;
Ver s’vet gikher fun aykh kenen ivre –
Der bakumt a fon.

Lernt, kinder, hot nit moyre,
Yeder onheyb iz shver;
Gliklekh der vos hot gelernt toyre,
Tsi darf der mentsh nokh mer?

Ir vet, kinder, elter vern,
Vet ir aleyn farshteyn,
Vifl in di oysyes lign trern,
Un vi fil geveyn

Az ir vet, kinder, dem goles shlepn,
Oysgemutshet zayn,
Zolt ir fun di oysyes koyekh shepn,
Kukt in zey arayn!

English Translation by Translation by Professor David Shneer, University of Colorado—Boulder, December 5, 2019

On the stove, a fire burns,
And in the house it is warm.
And the rabbi is teaching little children,
The alphabet.

See, children, remember, dear ones,
What you learn here;
Repeat and repeat yet again,
“Komets-alef: o!”

Learn, children, with great enthusiasm.
So I instruct you;
He among you who learns Hebrew pronunciation faster
He will receive a flag.

Learn children, don’t be afraid,
Every beginning is hard;
Lucky is the one has learned Torah,
What more does a person need?

When you grow older, children,
You will understand by yourselves,
How many tears lie in these letters,
And how much lament

When you, children, will bear the Exile,
And will be exhausted,
May you derive strength from these letters,
Look in at them!

Sur l'aile de la liberté
Par les cités et les compagnes.
Nos pas, nos coeurs sont emportés
Au loin de nos cheres compagnes,
Mais on les reverra,
L'heure H arrivera

Car nous sauvons la France
Nous les amis, nous les amis,
Car nous sauvons la France
Nous les amis
Du maquis.

Auf den Schwingen der Freiheit
Durch die Städte und über das Land
Unsere Füße, unsere Herzen werden getragen
Weit weg von unseren lieben Freunden
Doch wir sehen sie wieder
Die Stunde Null bricht an

Denn wir retten Frankreich
Wir Freunde
des Maquis.

Au jardin d’Angleterre, les bobards ont fleuri.
Tous les menteurs du monde parlent à la BBC.
Au gre de ces ondes, qu’il fait bon mentir

Im Garten von England hat die Täuschung geblüht.
Alle Lügner der Welt kommen bei der BBC zu Wort.
Da die Radiowellen es begrüßen, erzählen sie gute Lügen.