Henech Kon

Il compositore Henech Kon (1890-1970) si trasferì a New York prima della seconda guerra mondiale, dove fu uno degli scrittori e artisti immigrati in fuga dal nazismo. Continuò a comporre brani per commemorare la distruzione dell'ebraismo polacco.

Yonas Turkov

Jonas Turkow (1898-1987) was an actor, stage manager, director and writer. He received the Itzik Manger Prize for his contributions to Yiddish letters.

Diana Blumenfeld

Diana Blumenfeld (1903–1961) was a folksinger, pianist, and actress. Caught in the ghetto along with her husband, family and friends, she continued to sing, performing in cafes and in the ghetto theatre.

Yankl Krimski

Yankl Krimski was a theatre artist and musician in the Vilna ghetto. One of his most popular songs was 'Dos Elnte Kind' (The Lonely Child). Krimski’s fate is uncertain, but he is believed to have perished in an Estonian labour camp in 1943.

Mordechai Gebirtig

Poet, actor and songwriter Mordechai Gebirtig (1877-1942) was politically active and called 'the perfect Jewish folk poet'. His songs provide a window into daily Jewish life in inter-war Poland.

Isa Vermehren

Isa Vermehren (1918-2009) volunteered to support the German troops as an entertainer between 1940 and 1943. Due to her brother's defection she was taken to Ravensbrück, where she was locked in an isolation cell.

Paul Morgan

Actor Paul Morgan (1886-1938) studied theatre and writing, and began performing in small theatres and cabarets before World War I. He died in Buchenwald concentration camp.

Hermann Leopoldi

One of the few surviving Jewish members of the cabaret scene of 1920s Vienna, Herman Leopoldi (1888-1959) was interned in two of Nazi Germany’s most notorious camps but obtained a last-minute release.

Benzion Moskovits

In 1942 Cantor Benzion Moskovitsh (1907-1968) was deported to Westerbork and in 1944 to Buchenwald. There he sang for fellow prisoners and took notes of melodies he heard on a smuggled block-note.

Yehoshua Wieder

Cantor Yehoshua Wieder and his family were deported to Auschwitz, where his wife Chana and three youngest children were killed. Wieder and his three other children survived.

Charles Lowy

Cantor Charles Lowy (1911-1998) escaped Munich after Kristallnacht to Hungary and became chief cantor in Szolnok. From 1942 he was subjected to forced labour and liberated by the Red Army in 1945. His wife and son were killed in Auschwitz.

Gershon Sirota

Gershon Sirota (1874-1943) was one of the leading cantors of Europe during the "Golden Age of Hazzanut", sometimes referred to as the "Jewish Caruso". He and his family died together in the Warsaw uprising in 1943.

Joseph Schmidt

When the war broke out Joseph Schmidt (1904-1942) fled to France then retreated to Switzerland. Although in possession of an American visa and well known, he was interned and, owing to a lack of medical attention, he died on 16 November 1942.

Viktor Ullmann

Composer Viktor Ullmann (1898-1944) grew up and was educated in Vienna. He was trapped in Prague on the German invasion in March 1939 after trying unsuccessfully to find work in London or South Africa. In 1942 he was deported to Terezin.

Carlo Taube

In December 1941, pianist, composer and conductor Carlo Sigmund Taube (1897-1944) was deported to Theresienstadt with his wife and child.

James Simon

In spring 1944, composer, pianist and musicologist James Simon (1880-1944) was sent to Westerbork. On April 4 he was deported with 1000 other inmates to Terezín. On 12 October 1944 he boarded the transport to Auschwitz.

Zikmund Schul

The composer and violinist Zikmund Schul (1916-1944) and his father left Germany in October 1933, taking residence in Prague. He was transported to Terezín on 11 November 1941 where he continued to compose pieces, few of which survive.

Rafael Schächter

Rafael Schächter (1905-1944) made his name as an accompanist and vocal coach, working in opera and theatre before deportation to Terezin in Nov 1941. A pioneer of cultural life in the ghetto, he was deported to Auschwitz on 16 Oct 1944.

Egon Ledeč

Egon Ledeč (1889-1944) was a Czech violinist and composer sent to Theresienstadt. He appears as the concertmaster in Karel Ančerl’s orchestra in the Nazi propaganda film of the camp.

Hans Krása

After spending several years in Terezin being active in its musical life, Hans Krasa (1899-1944) left for Auschwitz on 16 October 1944 with his fellow composers Viktor Ullmann, Pavel Haas and Gideon Klein.

Gideon Klein

At age 6, Gideon Klein's (1919-1945) precocious musicality was evident and he began to study piano with the head of the Přerov conservatory. He was an organiser of cultural life at Theresienstadt.

Dovid Ayznshtat

Dovid Ayznshtat (1890–1942) continued to compose, conduct, perform, and train aspiring musicians, in the Warsaw Ghetto, despite the limitations and dangers of ghetto life.

Misha Veksler

The conductor and composer Misha Veksler (1907-1943) became an important figure in the musical world of the Vilna ghetto, serving as the conductor of the theatre orchestra and composing music for many of the revues that were performed there.

Wolf Durmashkin

Wolf Durmashkin (1914-1944) è stato un compositore, direttore d'orchestra e pianista ebreo di Vilnius. Fu deportato a Klooga durante la liquidazione del ghetto di Vilna e fu ucciso un giorno prima della liberazione.

Teodor Ryder

Conductor and pianist Teodor Ryder (1881-1944) was deportated to the Łódź ghetto in 1940. He continued to perform and organise even after the death of his wife and gave his final concert in the summer of 1943.

Alma Rosé

The violinist Alma Rosé (1906-1944) luck came to an end when she was arrested in France and sent to Drancy for several months. In July 1943, she was transported to Auschwitz.

Zofia Czajkowska

The Polish music teacher Zofia Czajkowska arrived in Auschwitz on 27 April 1942 on a transport from her home town of Tarnow. She was to become the original organiser and first conductor of the Birkenau women’s orchestra.

Adam Kopyciński

Polish musician Adam Kopyciński (1907-1982) was conductor of the men's orchestra in Auschwitz. He struggled with the morality of a death camp orchestra knowing that rejecting a musician could well mean his death.

Otto Klemperer

Otto Klemperer (1885-1973) è stato un direttore d'orchestra e compositore ebreo di origine tedesca, descritto come "l'ultimo dei pochi veri grandi direttori d'orchestra della sua generazione". Nell'aprile del 1933 fuggì in Austria, lasciando moglie e figli, per seguirli quando si fosse assicurato una residenza permanente.

Martin Rosenberg

In 1933, Rosebury D’Arguto’s activities with his Gesangsgemeinschaft was banned. On a return trip to Germany to settle some personal matters in September 1939, he was arrested by the Gestapo, and taken to Sachsenhausen where he organized a Jewish choir.

Kurt Gerron

A cabaret artist, theatre and film actor and director of theatre and early sound movies, Kurt Gerron (1897-1944) was a successful entertainer of the 1920s and early 1930s. He directed the Terezin propaganda film and was killed soon after.

Wolfgang Langhoff

Actor, director and leftist activist Wolfgang Langhoff (1901-1966) engaged in cultural activities in Börgemoor, organising the ‘Zirkus Konzentrazani’, as well as co-creating the song ‘Moorsoldatenlied’.

Walter Starkie & the British Institute in Madrid

Musician Walter Starkie who set up 'El British' and met with General Franco to formalise cultural exchange between Britain and Spain. Starkie's efforts helped keep Spain neutral during WWII.

Myra Hess

Dame Julia Myra Hess, DBE (1890-1965) è stata una pianista inglese, nota soprattutto per le sue interpretazioni delle opere di Bach, Mozart, Beethoven e Schumann. Durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale, organizzò concerti alla National Gallery per sollevare il morale.

Leo Blech

Il permesso di Göring permise a Heinz Tietjen di continuare ad assumere Leo Blech nonostante le sue origini ebraiche. Licenziato "per motivi di età", si esilia a Riga come primo ospite dell'Opera Nazionale dirigendo numerose opere di successo.

Bruno Walter

Nel 1898 Bruno Walter Schlesinger (1879-1962) era regista di teatro musicale e qualche anno dopo direttore dell'Opera di Stato bavarese. Inserito nella lista nera dei nazisti, nel 1938 partì per gli Stati Uniti dove diresse la Filarmonica di New York.

Kurt Weill

Come pochi altri, Kurt Weill (1900-1950) e Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) sono sinonimo dell'innovazione culturale della Repubblica di Weimar. Con il loro Die Dreigroschenoper, il duo ha rappresentato tutto ciò che i nazisti dichiaravano nemico.

Arnold Schoenberg

Il compositore Arnold Schönberg (1874-1951), insieme a Berg e Webern, è conosciuto come la Seconda Scuola Viennese. La sua rivoluzionaria tecnica musicale della dodecafonia (dodici toni) è stata la sua firma.

Ernst Krenek

Compositore austriaco della famosa opera jazz Jonny Spielt Auf, Enrst Krenek (1900-1991) emigrò negli Stati Uniti nel 1938, dopo che la sua musica fu bandita dal regime nazista. Insegnò in diverse università e continuò a comporre fino alla sua morte, avvenuta nel 1991.

Berthold Goldschmidt

Il compositore emigrato Berthold Goldschmidt (1903-1996) è morto a Londra all'età di 93 anni. Aveva vissuto nello stesso appartamento al piano terra da quando aveva lasciato la Germania per sfuggire ai nazisti nell'ottobre del 1935.

Hanns Eisler

Il compositore marxista Hanns Eisler (1898-1962) si trovava a Vienna nel gennaio 1933 quando Hitler divenne cancelliere tedesco. Eisler rimase fedele ai suoi ideali comunisti, fuggendo dalla Germania nazista negli anni Trenta e dall'America negli anni Quaranta.

L'internamento britannico e la musica

Hans Gál (1890-1987) ebbe successo professionale prima del 1933. Quando i nazisti presero il potere, fu direttore del Conservatorio di Magonza, ma fu licenziato e le sue opere furono bandite sia dall'esecuzione che dalla pubblicazione.

Paul Arma

Paul Arma (1905-1987) è una figura cruciale nella storia della musica della Resistenza francese, sia per le canzoni che ha composto sia per i suoi sforzi di preservare l'enorme corpus musicale creato durante la guerra. Arma vedeva le canzoni della Resistenza non solo come fonti di speranza e atti di coraggio in tempo di guerra, ma anche come importanti manufatti da salvare.

Alfred Rosenberg

Alfred Rosenberg (1893-1946) scrisse nel 1934 Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts (Il mito del XX secolo) nel 1934, che sosteneva la supremazia della razza "ariana" e la minaccia rappresentata dagli ebrei. Fu dichiarato colpevole di crimini contro l'umanità e giustiziato.

Hans Pfitzner

Il compositore Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949) si considerava un difensore della nazione tedesca, dei suoi valori e della sua cultura contro una Francia "degenerata" e "corrotta". Durante il processo per denazificazione, insieme a Furtwängler, Egk e Strauss, fu dichiarato non colpevole.

Hans Joachim Moser

Hans Joachim Moser (1889-1967) incolpava l'America e gli ebrei per la commercializzazione della musica. Il suo impegno per la celebrazione della Germania gli valse l'approvazione del nazismo e la promozione a segretario generale del Ministero della Propaganda.

Gustav Havemann

Il violinista e direttore d'orchestra Gustav Havemann (1882-1960) passò dall'essere un musicista modernista e amico di compositori ebrei radicali, a diventare un convinto ideologo della musica nazista e infine un fervente antifascista dopo la guerra.

Herbert Gerigk

Il Lexikon der Juden in der Musik di Herbert Gerigk (1905-1996) era così popolare che nel 1943 migliaia di copie circolavano in tutto il Reich tedesco. Anche nell'ambito dell'ideologia nazista Gerigk era noto per essere particolarmente conservatore e critico.

Karl Blessinger

Autore del libro del 1939 Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Mahler: tre capitoli dell'ebraismo nella musica come chiave per la storia della musica del XIX secolo, ha consolidato la reputazione di Karl Blessinger (1888-1962) come uno dei più importanti musicologi antisemiti del Terzo Reich.

Joseph Goebbels

Joseph Goebbels voleva promuovere tutte le opere che dimostrassero l'egemonia tedesca nella musica; per questo motivo, paradossalmente, inizialmente protesse i compositori o i direttori d'orchestra che si opponevano all'applicazione delle leggi antisemite, oscurando persino le origini ebraiche di alcuni compositori di talento o proteggendone le mogli.

Wladyslaw Szlengel

Władysław Szlengel (1912-1943) was a Jewish-Polish poet, lyricist, journalist, and stage actor. He was shot along with his wife at the age of 28.

Avraham Sutzkever

Avraham Sutzkever (1913-2010) is one of the most important contemporary Yiddish poets. During the war, Sutzkever was involved in many acts of resistance and helped save many important texts. He escaped to Moscow with his wife.

Leah Rudnitski

Leah Rudnitski (1916-1943) wrote one of the most beautiful lullabies to have survived the Vilna ghetto, entitled ‘Dremlen feygl oyf di tsvaygn’ (Birds doze on the boughs). She was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Treblinka, where she was murdered.

Shmerke Kaczerginski

Poet and partisan fighter Shmerke Kaczerginski (1908-1954) was a collector of Yiddish Shoah song. He was sent to the Vilna ghetto in early 1942 where he crafted songs to console prisoners and encourage resistance.

Hirsh Glick

Hirsch Glick (1922-1944) was a Jewish poet and partisan. He began to write Yiddish poetry in his teens and became co-founder of Yungvald, a group of young Jewish poets.

Isaiah Shpigl

Writer, poet and teacher of Yiddish literature, Isaiah Spiegel (1906-1990), was an inmate of the Lodz Ghetto from its inception in 1940 until its liquidation in 1945. In August 1944, Shpigl hid some of his writings in a cellar and took the rest with him to Auschwitz.

Moshe Diskant

An important poet and song writer in the Kovno ghetto, Moshe Diskant was critical of the divisions between wealthy and poor in the ghetto.

Avrom Akselrod

Avrom Akselrod was a well-known poet and songwriter in the Kovno ghetto, known for his cynical, humorous and realistic depictions of the misery and occasional joys of ghetto life.

Karel Berman

Bass singer Karel Berman (1919-1995) was deported to Terezin on 6 Mar 1943. He sang in operas and recitals and was cast as 'Death' in Ullmann’s Der Kaiser von Atlantis. Transported to Auschwitz on 28 Sep 1944 and liberated from the Allach camp.

Marysia Ayznshtat

Marysia Ayznshtat (1921-1942) è stata una delle figure musicali più amate del ghetto di Varsavia. Fu uccisa da un ufficiale delle SS all'età di ventuno anni.

Khayele Rozental

Khayele Rozental (1924-1979) was one of the most popular singers in the Vilna ghetto. She established her talents in drama and singing aged 16, when she was chosen to represent Vilna at the Festival of Songs in Moscow.

Lyube Levitski

Soprano Lyube Levitski's beautiful voice made her a star at the age of 21. In the Vilna ghetto she was lashed, kept in solitary confinement for a month, and eventually killed at Ponar.

Kasriel Broydo

Kasriel Broydo (1907-1945) was a songwriter, singer and coupletist. He was born in Vilnius and played in various troupes and marionette-theaters.

Yankele Hershkovitsh

In 1940, Yankele Hershkovitsh (1910-1972) was deported to the Łódź ghetto. He became the much-loved voice of the ghetto, singing in the courtyards and streets, and documenting and commenting on events.

Fania Fénelon

Fania Fénelon (1922-1983) was a French pianist, composer and cabaret singer whose contested 1976 memoir, Sursis pour l'orchestre, about survival in the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz during the Holocaust was adapted as the 1980 television film, Playing for Time.

Aleksander Kulisiewicz

Alexander Kulisiewicz (1918-1982) was a poet, player, and songwriter of ballads in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp that often evoked his native Poland with nostalgia and patriotic zeal.

Sostenitori

Durante la Seconda guerra mondiale, molti ebrei europei sfidarono gli oppressori nazisti opponendo una resistenza attiva. Questa guerra partigiana, condotta da forze clandestine e irregolari che operavano in territorio nemico, era particolarmente diffusa nelle fitte foreste e nelle paludi dell'Europa orientale.

Jozef Kropinski

The Polish musician Jozef Kropinski was born on 28 December 1913 in Berlin. On 7 May 1940, Kropinski was arrested by the Gestapo for publishing an underground newspaper, and sent to Auschwitz.

Jan Vala

Jan Vala was a self-taught guitarist, singer and composer. He had been the owner of a popular bar in Ostravia, where he had entertained his patrons with comedy sketches and musical performances. He spent 2,060 days in German prisons and camps.

I trovatori della Resistenza francese

Le canzoni della resistenza francese sono state raccolte da Paul Arma con la moglie Edmée per salvare dall'oblio le numerose canzoni scritte come atti di resistenza durante la Seconda Guerra Mondiale e per riconoscere gli sforzi compiuti e i pericoli affrontati dai loro creatori.

Eta Tyrmand

Il compositore ebreo bielorusso Eta (Edi) Tyrmand è uno dei circa 30.000 ebrei bielorussi che si unirono alla resistenza partigiana sovietica.

Testimoni di Geova

Erich Hugo Frost

Composer and musician Erich Hugo Frost (1900-1987) was imprisoned several times in prisons and concentration camps between 1934 and 1945. He composed ‘Fest steht in großer, schwerer Zeit (Stand Fast in Great and Hard Times) in the spring of 1941.

Leo Strauss

Leo Straus (1897-1944) was arrested along with his wife Myra and sent to Theresienstadt where he was involved in cabaret productions, both as a librettist and performer. In October 1944, they were deported to Auschwitz and killed.

Rom e Sinti

Artur Gold

Artur Gold (1897-1943) è stato un violinista e compositore polacco. Collaborò con il fratello Henryk Gold e con Jerzy Petersburski, con cui arrangiò la musica. Lui e i suoi colleghi musicisti furono uccisi durante le ultime settimane di Treblinka.

Wladyslaw Szpilman

The musical career of Wladyslaw Szpilman (1911-2000) was interrupted by the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Szpilman and his family were driven, along with hundreds of thousands of other Jews, into the Warsaw ghetto.

Avrom Brudno

Avrom Brudno was a musician and composer in the Vilna ghetto. He created many of the ghetto’s most successful songs including the melody for ‘Friling’. He died in Klooga.

Dovid Beyglman

David Beigelman (1887–1945) was a Polish violinist, orchestra leader, and composer of Yiddish songs. In the Łódź ghetto established a small theatre where he composed prolifically and wrote his own lyrics.

Michael Hofmekler

One of the remarkable reunions to take place in the immediate aftermath of the war was that of the Jewish brothers Michael (1898-1994) and Robert Hofmekler (1905-1994), in June 1945, at the Saint Ottilien Displaced Persons’ camp.

Henry Meyer

A doctor put Henry Meyer’s ID on a corpse and hid the violinist. Meyer (1923-2006) was transferred to Birkenau, where he played in the orchestra. After brief time in other camps and surviving a death march, he survived and emigrated to the US.

Arno Nadel

Jewish musicologist, composer, playwright, poet, and painter Arno Nadel (1878-1943) had an exit visa to England but he was too weak to make the journey. On 12th March 1943 he was deported to Auschwitz where he was murdered the same year.

Hans Keller

Il musicologo e critico musicale britannico di origine austriaca Hans Keller (1919-1985), che ha dato un contributo significativo alla musicologia e alla critica musicale, fu arrestato dai nazisti e costretto a lasciare l'Austria dopo l'Anschluss del 1938.

Comitas Vardapet

Il compositore ed etnomusicologo Komitas Vardapet (1869-1935) non fu protetto dalla sua stimata reputazione culturale e fu mandato in esilio insieme a 800 intellettuali dai Giovani Turchi. Fu uno dei pochi a sopravvivere al genocidio armeno.

Henryk Apte

Henryk Apte was a prominent figure in the cultural and musical life of the Jewish community in Krakow during the early 20th century.

Paulina Braun

Paulina Braun (1915-1943) was a songwriter and composer in the Warsaw ghetto. Before being forced into ghetto’s cramped quarters, she had established a name for herself as a composer in the Polish theatre world of Warsaw.

Alek Volkovisky

Il pianista e autore di canzoni Alek Volkoviski (1931-2019) vinse un concorso nel 1943, all'età di undici anni, nel ghetto di Vilna, con la sua ninna nanna "Shtiler, shtiler".

Yankl Trupyanski

Yankl Trupyanski was (1909-1944) a music teacher and composer of children's songs in Warsaw and Vilna. He composed many of the songs sung by children in the Yiddish schools of the inter-war years.

Leyb Rozental

Leyb Rozental (1916-1945) was a poet, publishing his first poetry book at the age of 14. In the Vilna ghetto he became one of the most successful writers of musicals and theatre revues.

Rikle Glezer

Rikle Glezer (1924-) was only 16 when the Nazis invaded her home city of Vilna. She wrote several songs during her years of imprisonment in the Vilna ghetto. She escaped during deportation and joined the partisans in the forests around Vilna.

Khane Khaytin

Khane Khaytin (1925-2004) was a Lithuanian-Jewish songwriter who wrote many popular songs in the Shavli ghetto.

Salomon Kannewasser

Salomon Meijer Kannewasser (1916-1945) was the lead singer in a popular young musical duo from Amsterdam known as Johnny & Jones. Their popularity began in 1938 and they went on to record six albums under the Panachord music label.

Arnold Simeon van Wesel

Arnold Simeon van Wesel (1918-1945) played guitar in a popular young musical duo from Amsterdam known as Johnny & Jones. Their popularity began in 1938 and they went on to record six albums under the Panachord music label.

Hans Neumeyer

From the age of fourteen, Hans Neumeyer (1887-1944), a composer and teacher of musical composition, was completely blind. He died whilst interned in Theresienstadt on 19 May 1944.

Peter Gellhorn

Direttore d'orchestra, compositore e pianista tedesco Peter Gellhorn (1912-2004) fuggì dalla Germania negli anni '30 e si stabilì a Londra. Ha diretto alla Royal Opera House, al Sadler's Wells e a Glyndebourne.

Walter Bricht

Walter Bricht (1904-1970) è stato un compositore austriaco i cui anni di attività professionale hanno coinciso con l'ascesa di Hitler e l'avvento dell'austrofascismo nel 1933.