
Chanteur
Acteur
Le compositeur Henech Kon (1890-1970) s'est installé à New York avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, où il faisait partie des écrivains et artistes immigrés qui avaient fui le nazisme. Il a continué à composer des pièces commémorant la destruction de la communauté juive polonaise.

Songwriter
Acteur
Réalisateur
Jonas Turkow (1898-1987) was an actor, stage manager, director and writer. He received the Itzik Manger Prize for his contributions to Yiddish letters.

Musicien
Chanteur
Acteur
Diana Blumenfeld (1903–1961) was a folksinger, pianist, and actress. Caught in the ghetto along with her husband, family and friends, she continued to sing, performing in cafes and in the ghetto theatre.

Musicien
Acteur
Yankl Krimski was a theatre artist and musician in the Vilna ghetto. One of his most popular songs was 'Dos Elnte Kind' (The Lonely Child). Krimski’s fate is uncertain, but he is believed to have perished in an Estonian labour camp in 1943.

Poète
Acteur
Compositeur
Poet, actor and songwriter Mordechai Gebirtig (1877-1942) was politically active and called 'the perfect Jewish folk poet'. His songs provide a window into daily Jewish life in inter-war Poland.

Chanteur
Acteur
Isa Vermehren (1918-2009) volunteered to support the German troops as an entertainer between 1940 and 1943. Due to her brother's defection she was taken to Ravensbrück, where she was locked in an isolation cell.

Chanteur
Acteur

Acteur

Chantre
In 1942 Cantor Benzion Moskovitsh (1907-1968) was deported to Westerbork and in 1944 to Buchenwald. There he sang for fellow prisoners and took notes of melodies he heard on a smuggled block-note.

Chantre
Cantor Yehoshua Wieder and his family were deported to Auschwitz, where his wife Chana and three youngest children were killed. Wieder and his three other children survived.

Chantre
Cantor Charles Lowy (1911-1998) escaped Munich after Kristallnacht to Hungary and became chief cantor in Szolnok. From 1942 he was subjected to forced labour and liberated by the Red Army in 1945. His wife and son were killed in Auschwitz.

Chantre
Gershon Sirota (1874-1943) was one of the leading cantors of Europe during the "Golden Age of Hazzanut", sometimes referred to as the "Jewish Caruso". He and his family died together in the Warsaw uprising in 1943.

Emigrée
Chanteur
Acteur
Chantre
When the war broke out Joseph Schmidt (1904-1942) fled to France then retreated to Switzerland. Although in possession of an American visa and well known, he was interned and, owing to a lack of medical attention, he died on 16 November 1942.

Professeur de musique
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre

Musicien
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
In December 1941, pianist, composer and conductor Carlo Sigmund Taube (1897-1944) was deported to Theresienstadt with his wife and child.

Compositeur
In spring 1944, composer, pianist and musicologist James Simon (1880-1944) was sent to Westerbork. On April 4 he was deported with 1000 other inmates to Terezín. On 12 October 1944 he boarded the transport to Auschwitz.

Compositeur
The composer and violinist Zikmund Schul (1916-1944) and his father left Germany in October 1933, taking residence in Prague. He was transported to Terezín on 11 November 1941 where he continued to compose pieces, few of which survive.

Musicien
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
Rafael Schächter (1905-1944) made his name as an accompanist and vocal coach, working in opera and theatre before deportation to Terezin in Nov 1941. A pioneer of cultural life in the ghetto, he was deported to Auschwitz on 16 Oct 1944.

Musicien
Compositeur
Egon Ledeč (1889-1944) was a Czech violinist and composer sent to Theresienstadt. He appears as the concertmaster in Karel Ančerl’s orchestra in the Nazi propaganda film of the camp.

Compositeur
After spending several years in Terezin being active in its musical life, Hans Krasa (1899-1944) left for Auschwitz on 16 October 1944 with his fellow composers Viktor Ullmann, Pavel Haas and Gideon Klein.

Compositeur
At age 6, Gideon Klein's (1919-1945) precocious musicality was evident and he began to study piano with the head of the Přerov conservatory. He was an organiser of cultural life at Theresienstadt.

Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
Dovid Ayznshtat (1890–1942) continued to compose, conduct, perform, and train aspiring musicians, in the Warsaw Ghetto, despite the limitations and dangers of ghetto life.

Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
The conductor and composer Misha Veksler (1907-1943) became an important figure in the musical world of the Vilna ghetto, serving as the conductor of the theatre orchestra and composing music for many of the revues that were performed there.

Musicien
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
Wolf Durmashkin (1914-1944) était un compositeur, chef d'orchestre et pianiste juif de Vilnius. Il a été déporté à Klooga lors de la liquidation du ghetto de Vilna et a été tué un jour avant la libération.

Musicien
Chef d'orchestre
Conductor and pianist Teodor Ryder (1881-1944) was deportated to the Łódź ghetto in 1940. He continued to perform and organise even after the death of his wife and gave his final concert in the summer of 1943.

Musicien
Chef d'orchestre
The violinist Alma Rosé (1906-1944) luck came to an end when she was arrested in France and sent to Drancy for several months. In July 1943, she was transported to Auschwitz.

Professeur de musique
Musicien
Chef d'orchestre
The Polish music teacher Zofia Czajkowska arrived in Auschwitz on 27 April 1942 on a transport from her home town of Tarnow. She was to become the original organiser and first conductor of the Birkenau women’s orchestra.

Chef d'orchestre
Polish musician Adam Kopyciński (1907-1982) was conductor of the men's orchestra in Auschwitz. He struggled with the morality of a death camp orchestra knowing that rejecting a musician could well mean his death.

Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
Otto Klemperer (1885-1973) était un chef d'orchestre et compositeur juif d'origine allemande, décrit comme "le dernier des quelques vrais grands chefs d'orchestre de sa génération". En avril 1933, il s'est enfui en Autriche, laissant derrière lui sa femme et ses enfants, pour les suivre lorsqu'il aurait obtenu une résidence permanente.

Réalisateur
In 1933, Rosebury D’Arguto’s activities with his Gesangsgemeinschaft was banned. On a return trip to Germany to settle some personal matters in September 1939, he was arrested by the Gestapo, and taken to Sachsenhausen where he organized a Jewish choir.

Acteur
Réalisateur
A cabaret artist, theatre and film actor and director of theatre and early sound movies, Kurt Gerron (1897-1944) was a successful entertainer of the 1920s and early 1930s. He directed the Terezin propaganda film and was killed soon after.

Acteur
Réalisateur
Actor, director and leftist activist Wolfgang Langhoff (1901-1966) engaged in cultural activities in Börgemoor, organising the ‘Zirkus Konzentrazani’, as well as co-creating the song ‘Moorsoldatenlied’.

Réalisateur
Le musicien Walter Starkie a créé "El British" et a rencontré le général Franco pour officialiser les échanges culturels entre la Grande-Bretagne et l'Espagne. Les efforts de Starkie ont contribué à maintenir la neutralité de l'Espagne pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Musicien
Réalisateur
Dame Julia Myra Hess, DBE (1890-1965) était une pianiste anglaise, surtout connue pour ses interprétations des œuvres de Bach, Mozart, Beethoven et Schumann. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, elle a organisé des concerts à la National Gallery pour remonter le moral des troupes.

Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
Réalisateur
L'autorisation de Göring permet à Heinz Tietjen de continuer à employer Leo Blech malgré ses origines juives. Renvoyé "pour raison d'âge", il s'exile à Riga en tant que premier invité de l'Opéra national, où il dirige de nombreux opéras à succès.

Emigrée
En 1898, Bruno Walter Schlesinger (1879-1962) est directeur de théâtre musical et, quelques années plus tard, directeur de l'opéra d'État de Bavière. Mis à l'index par les nazis, il part aux États-Unis en 1938 où il dirige le New York Philharmonic.

Emigrée
Compositeur
Comme peu d'autres, Kurt Weill (1900-1950) et Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) sont synonymes de l'innovation culturelle de la République de Weimar. Surtout connu pour son Die Dreigroschenoper, le duo a représenté tout ce que les nazis ont déclaré être leur ennemi.

Emigrée
Compositeur

Compositeur
Emigrée
Compositeur autrichien du célèbre opéra de jazz Jonny Spielt Auf, Enrst Krenek (1900-1991) a émigré aux États-Unis en 1938, après que sa musique eut été interdite par le régime nazi. Il a enseigné dans plusieurs universités et a continué à composer jusqu'à sa mort en 1991.

Emigrée
Compositeur
Le compositeur émigré Berthold Goldschmidt (1903-1996) est décédé à Londres à l'âge de 93 ans. Il vivait dans le même appartement du rez-de-chaussée depuis qu'il avait quitté l'Allemagne pour fuir les nazis en octobre 1935.

Emigrée
Compositeur

Emigrée
Compositeur

Compositeur
Emigrée
Paul Arma (1905-1987) est une figure cruciale de l'histoire de la musique de la Résistance française, tant par les chansons qu'il a composées que par ses efforts pour préserver l'énorme corpus musical créé pendant la guerre. Pour Arma, les chansons de la Résistance n'étaient pas seulement des sources d'espoir et des actes de courage en temps de guerre, mais aussi des objets d'art importants à sauver.

nazi
Alfred Rosenberg (1893-1946) a écrit Der Mythus des 20. Jahrhunderts (Le mythe du 20e siècle) en 1934, qui défendait la suprématie de la race "aryenne" et la menace que représentaient les Juifs. Il a été reconnu coupable de crimes contre l'humanité et exécuté.

nazi
Compositeur
Le compositeur Hans Pfitzner (1869-1949) se voyait comme un défenseur de la nation allemande, de ses valeurs et de sa culture contre une France "dégénérée" et "corrompue". Lors de son procès en dénazification, aux côtés de Furtwängler, Egk et Strauss, il a été déclaré non coupable.

Musicologist
nazi
Hans Joachim Moser (1889-1967) reprochait à l'Amérique et aux Juifs de commercialiser la musique. Son engagement à célébrer l'Allemagne lui vaut l'approbation des nazis et il est promu secrétaire général du ministère de la Propagande.

Musicien
nazi
Chef d'orchestre
Le violoniste et chef d'orchestre Gustav Havemann (1882-1960) est passé du statut de musicien moderniste et d'ami des compositeurs juifs radicaux à celui d'idéologue convaincu de la musique nazie, puis à celui de fervent antifasciste après la guerre.

nazi
Musicologist
Le Lexikon der Juden in der Musik de Herbert Gerigk (1905-1996) était si populaire qu'en 1943, des milliers d'exemplaires circulaient dans tout le Reich allemand. Même dans le cadre de l'idéologie nazie, Gerigk était connu pour être particulièrement conservateur et critique.

nazi
Compositeur
Auteur de l'ouvrage Mendelssohn, Meyerbeer, Mahler : Three Chapters of Jewry in Music as the Key to Music History of the 19th Century, publié en 1939, Karl Blessinger (1888-1962) a établi sa réputation de musicologue antisémite parmi les plus éminents du Troisième Reich.

nazi
Joseph Goebbels voulait promouvoir toutes les œuvres démontrant l'hégémonie allemande en musique ; c'est, paradoxalement, pourquoi il a d'abord protégé les compositeurs ou chefs d'orchestre opposés à l'application des lois antisémites, allant jusqu'à occulter les origines juives de certains compositeurs de talent ou à protéger leurs épouses.

Poète
Władysław Szlengel (1912-1943) was a Jewish-Polish poet, lyricist, journalist, and stage actor. He was shot along with his wife at the age of 28.

Partisan
Poète
Avraham Sutzkever (1913-2010) is one of the most important contemporary Yiddish poets. During the war, Sutzkever was involved in many acts of resistance and helped save many important texts. He escaped to Moscow with his wife.

Partisan
Poète
Leah Rudnitski (1916-1943) wrote one of the most beautiful lullabies to have survived the Vilna ghetto, entitled ‘Dremlen feygl oyf di tsvaygn’ (Birds doze on the boughs). She was arrested by the Gestapo and sent to Treblinka, where she was murdered.

Musicien
Partisan
Poète
[Translated to "French" by "deepL"] Poète et combattant partisan, Shmerke Kaczerginski (1908-1954) était un collectionneur de chants yiddish de la Shoah. Il a été envoyé dans le ghetto de Vilna au début de l'année 1942 où il a composé des chansons pour consoler les prisonniers et encourager la résistance.

Partisan
Poète
Hirsch Glick (1922-1944) was a Jewish poet and partisan. He began to write Yiddish poetry in his teens and became co-founder of Yungvald, a group of young Jewish poets.

Poète
Writer, poet and teacher of Yiddish literature, Isaiah Spiegel (1906-1990), was an inmate of the Lodz Ghetto from its inception in 1940 until its liquidation in 1945. In August 1944, Shpigl hid some of his writings in a cellar and took the rest with him to Auschwitz.

Poète
An important poet and song writer in the Kovno ghetto, Moshe Diskant was critical of the divisions between wealthy and poor in the ghetto.

Poète
Compositeur
Avrom Akselrod was a well-known poet and songwriter in the Kovno ghetto, known for his cynical, humorous and realistic depictions of the misery and occasional joys of ghetto life.

Chanteur
Bass singer Karel Berman (1919-1995) was deported to Terezin on 6 Mar 1943. He sang in operas and recitals and was cast as 'Death' in Ullmann’s Der Kaiser von Atlantis. Transported to Auschwitz on 28 Sep 1944 and liberated from the Allach camp.

Chanteur
Marysia Ayznshtat (1921-1942) était l'une des figures musicales les plus appréciées du ghetto de Varsovie. Elle a été abattue par un officier SS à l'âge de vingt et un ans.

Chanteur
Khayele Rozental (1924-1979) was one of the most popular singers in the Vilna ghetto. She established her talents in drama and singing aged 16, when she was chosen to represent Vilna at the Festival of Songs in Moscow.

Chanteur
Soprano Lyube Levitski's beautiful voice made her a star at the age of 21. In the Vilna ghetto she was lashed, kept in solitary confinement for a month, and eventually killed at Ponar.

Songwriter
Chanteur

Chanteur
In 1940, Yankele Hershkovitsh (1910-1972) was deported to the Łódź ghetto. He became the much-loved voice of the ghetto, singing in the courtyards and streets, and documenting and commenting on events.

Musicien
Chanteur
Compositeur
Fania Fénelon (1922-1983) was a French pianist, composer and cabaret singer whose contested 1976 memoir, Sursis pour l'orchestre, about survival in the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz during the Holocaust was adapted as the 1980 television film, Playing for Time.

Musicien
Poète
Chanteur
Alexander Kulisiewicz (1918-1982) was a poet, player, and songwriter of ballads in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp that often evoked his native Poland with nostalgia and patriotic zeal.

Partisan

Musicien
Partisan
Compositeur
The Polish musician Jozef Kropinski was born on 28 December 1913 in Berlin. On 7 May 1940, Kropinski was arrested by the Gestapo for publishing an underground newspaper, and sent to Auschwitz.

Musicien
Partisan
Jan Vala was a self-taught guitarist, singer and composer. He had been the owner of a popular bar in Ostravia, where he had entertained his patrons with comedy sketches and musical performances. He spent 2,060 days in German prisons and camps.

Partisan
Les chansons de la Résistance française ont été rassemblées par Paul Arma et son épouse Edmée pour sauver de l'oubli les nombreuses chansons qui ont été écrites en tant qu'actes de résistance pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et pour reconnaître les efforts déployés et les dangers affrontés par leurs créateurs.

Professeur de musique
Partisan
Compositeur
Le compositeur juif biélorusse Eta (Edi) Tyrmand est l'un des quelque 30 000 Juifs biélorusses qui ont rejoint la résistance des partisans soviétiques.

témoin de Jéhovah

Musicien
témoin de Jéhovah
Composer and musician Erich Hugo Frost (1900-1987) was imprisoned several times in prisons and concentration camps between 1934 and 1945. He composed ‘Fest steht in großer, schwerer Zeit (Stand Fast in Great and Hard Times) in the spring of 1941.

Songwriter
Musicien
Leo Straus (1897-1944) was arrested along with his wife Myra and sent to Theresienstadt where he was involved in cabaret productions, both as a librettist and performer. In October 1944, they were deported to Auschwitz and killed.

Musicien

Musicien
Artur Gold (1897-1943) était un violoniste et compositeur polonais. Il a collaboré avec son frère Henryk Gold et avec Jerzy Petersburski, avec qui il a arrangé de la musique. Lui et ses collègues musiciens ont été assassinés pendant les dernières semaines de Treblinka.

Musicien
The musical career of Wladyslaw Szpilman (1911-2000) was interrupted by the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939. Szpilman and his family were driven, along with hundreds of thousands of other Jews, into the Warsaw ghetto.

Musicien
Compositeur
Avrom Brudno was a musician and composer in the Vilna ghetto. He created many of the ghetto’s most successful songs including the melody for ‘Friling’. He died in Klooga.

Musicien
David Beigelman (1887–1945) was a Polish violinist, orchestra leader, and composer of Yiddish songs. In the Łódź ghetto established a small theatre where he composed prolifically and wrote his own lyrics.

Musicien
One of the remarkable reunions to take place in the immediate aftermath of the war was that of the Jewish brothers Michael (1898-1994) and Robert Hofmekler (1905-1994), in June 1945, at the Saint Ottilien Displaced Persons’ camp.

Musicien
A doctor put Henry Meyer’s ID on a corpse and hid the violinist. Meyer (1923-2006) was transferred to Birkenau, where he played in the orchestra. After brief time in other camps and surviving a death march, he survived and emigrated to the US.

Musicologist
Poète
Compositeur
Jewish musicologist, composer, playwright, poet, and painter Arno Nadel (1878-1943) had an exit visa to England but he was too weak to make the journey. On 12th March 1943 he was deported to Auschwitz where he was murdered the same year.

Emigrée
Musicologist
Le musicologue et critique musical britannique d'origine autrichienne Hans Keller (1919-1985), qui a apporté d'importantes contributions à la musicologie et à la critique musicale, a été arrêté par les nazis et contraint de quitter l'Autriche après l'Anschluss en 1938.

Musicologist
Compositeur
Composer and ethnomusicologist Komitas Vardapet (1869-1935) was not protected by his esteemed cultural reputation and was sent into exile along with 800 intellectuals by the Young Turks. He was one of the few to survive the Armenian Genocide.

Musicologist
Musicien
Henryk Apte was a prominent figure in the cultural and musical life of the Jewish community in Krakow during the early 20th century.

Songwriter
Compositeur
Paulina Braun (1915-1943) was a songwriter and composer in the Warsaw ghetto. Before being forced into ghetto’s cramped quarters, she had established a name for herself as a composer in the Polish theatre world of Warsaw.

Songwriter
Compositeur
Le pianiste et auteur de chansons Alek Volkoviski (1931-2019) a remporté un concours en 1943, à l'âge de onze ans, dans le ghetto de Vilna, pour sa berceuse "Shtiler, shtiler".

Songwriter
Professeur de musique
Yankl Trupyanski was (1909-1944) a music teacher and composer of children's songs in Warsaw and Vilna. He composed many of the songs sung by children in the Yiddish schools of the inter-war years.

Songwriter
Leyb Rozental (1916-1945) was a poet, publishing his first poetry book at the age of 14. In the Vilna ghetto he became one of the most successful writers of musicals and theatre revues.

Songwriter
Rikle Glezer (1924-) was only 16 when the Nazis invaded her home city of Vilna. She wrote several songs during her years of imprisonment in the Vilna ghetto. She escaped during deportation and joined the partisans in the forests around Vilna.

Songwriter
Khane Khaytin (1925-2004) was a Lithuanian-Jewish songwriter who wrote many popular songs in the Shavli ghetto.

Songwriter
Musicien
Chanteur
Salomon Meijer Kannewasser (1916-1945) was the lead singer in a popular young musical duo from Amsterdam known as Johnny & Jones. Their popularity began in 1938 and they went on to record six albums under the Panachord music label.

Songwriter
Musicien
Chanteur
Arnold Simeon van Wesel (1918-1945) played guitar in a popular young musical duo from Amsterdam known as Johnny & Jones. Their popularity began in 1938 and they went on to record six albums under the Panachord music label.

Professeur de musique
Compositeur
From the age of fourteen, Hans Neumeyer (1887-1944), a composer and teacher of musical composition, was completely blind. He died whilst interned in Theresienstadt on 19 May 1944.

Emigrée
Professeur de musique
Musicien
Compositeur
Chef d'orchestre
Le chef d'orchestre, compositeur et pianiste allemand Peter Gellhorn (1912-2004) a fui l'Allemagne dans les années 1930 et s'est installé à Londres. Il a dirigé le Royal Opera House, Sadler's Wells et Glyndebourne.

Emigrée
Professeur de musique
Musicien
Compositeur
Walter Bricht (1904-1970) était un compositeur autrichien dont les années en tant que compositeur professionnel ont coïncidé avec l'ascension d'Hitler et le début de l'austro-fascisme en 1933.